Employment Law Watch : Employment & Labor Lawyer & Attorney : Reed Smith Law Firm

The past 18 months has seen a significant number of TUPE related cases. The following is a summary of some of the key decisions.

The meaning of the term `activities’ (Service Provision Change)

A TUPE transfer will occur when there is a ‘service provision change’. In a first-generation outsourcing, where a client outsources an activity to a contractor for the first time, the conditions to be met in order for there to be a service provision change include a requirement that ‘activities’ cease to be carried on by the client for itself and are instead carried on by the contractor on the client’s behalf. As TUPE does not include a definition of ‘activities’, it has been for the Courts and Tribunals to consider how this issue should be approached.

In Metropolitan Resources Ltd v Churchill Dulwich Ltd, the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) decided the activities carried out by the transferee must be ‘fundamentally or essentially the same’ as those that were carried out by the transferor in order for a TUPE transfer to occur. The EAT also indicated in its decision that in assessing whether the activities are similar, a more detailed rather than an ‘overview’ approach should be adopted (i.e. consideration should be given to the exact nature of the activities performed by each of the transferee and the transferor and the exact manner in which those activities are performed).

Further support for the adoption of a detailed approach can be found in the EAT’s decision in OCS Group Ltd v Jones and another. Here, the EAT decided that a contractor which provided catering services to a client by preparing hot and cold meals in on-site kitchens performed activities that were different to those of a contractor which only sold pre-prepared sandwiches and salads. The EAT rejected the ‘overview’ approach argument that the activities carried out by each of the transferee and the transferor in this case should be considered to be the provision of food or catering services and should therefore be considered to be the same.

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In the case of Parkwood Leisure Ltd v Alemo-Herron and others, the Court of Appeal has examined the effect of regulations 5 and 6 of Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 1981 (TUPE 1981) in relation to collective agreements. The Court has held that in circumstances where a contractual right to a pay increase is dependent on collectively agreed terms, the transferee of an undertaking transferred will not be bound by terms collectively agreed by third parties after the transfer. In making this decision, the Court declined to follow established UK case law and preferred instead to follow a 2006 decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

Although the case involved an issue relating to the 1981 Regulations, the law as stated in it will apply to the current Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE 2006).

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In an important decision concerning TUPE transfers, the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has given guidance in the case of Tapere v South London & Maudsley NHS Trust on, first, the interpretation of mobility clauses in the context of a TUPE transfer and, secondly, on Reg 4(9) TUPE, which allows a transferred employee to treat themselves as dismissed if a relevant transfer involves a substantial change in working conditions which is to the employee’s material detriment. The EAT held that "detriment" should be considered using the subjective approach which applies in discrimination law. The case will be particularly important to purchasers of businesses and transferees in outsourcing situations where transferred employees are required to move location after the transfer takes place.

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In Oakland v Wellswood (Yorkshire) Ltd, the Employment Appeals Tribunal (EAT) decided that an employee of a business in administration was unable to have the protection afforded to employees under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE) when the business in which he was employed was transferred and continued as a going concern with the transferee. The decision is important news for administrators and purchasers of businesses in administration because it contradicts current Government guidance on this issue.

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The case of Sodexo Ltd v (1) Gutridge and others (2) North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust considers a transferee’s liability for equal pay claims made by transferred employees following a TUPE transfer. In this case, the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) holds that following a TUPE transfer, claims for equal pay relating to discrimination in pay by the transferor must be made (against the transferee) within 6 months of the transfer. Claims for equal pay arising as a result of discrimination in pay by the transferee can, however, be brought within 6 months from the end of employment with the transferee. Significantly for transferees, where the transferring employees are in receipt of unequal pay at the time of the transfer, as compared to chosen pre-transfer comparators, they will remain entitled to the same pay as the comparator, even if the comparator is not transferred to the transferee.

In practice this means that after a TUPE transfer, transferees are at a continuing risk of significant claims of up to 6 years arrears of pay, even though they are ignorant of the fact that they are paying their employees less than they should because the persons with whom the employees are comparing their pay (the comparators) are not employed by the transferee. 

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In Kimberley Group Housing Ltd v Hambley and ors and Angel Services (UK) Ltd v Hambley and ors, the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has overturned an Employment Tribunal’s finding that where a service provision contract is performed by one company and is taken over by two companies, the liability for transferred employees should be apportioned between the two companies.

This is an important case, as it is the first guidance to be given by the EAT on the effect of service provision changes under TUPE.

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