On January 11, 2019, the National Labor Relations Board clarified and narrowed the standard for finding that an employee engaged in protected concerted activities under the National Labor Relations Act. See Alstate Maintenance, LLC, 367 NLRB No. 68 (2019). In doing so, the board overturned a 2011 decision – WorldMark by Wyndham, 356 NLRB 765 (2011) – that held that an employee who protests at a group meeting is necessarily engaged in concerted protected activity.

Summary of decision

In Alstate, a manager approached airport baggage handlers (referred to as skycaps) and requested that they help unload a soccer team’s equipment. One of the skycaps, Trevor Greenidge, responded that “we did a similar job a year prior and we didn’t receive a tip.” When the soccer team’s equipment arrived, the skycaps walked away. The employer terminated Greenidge “for griping about not being tipped.” Greenidge contended that his comment regarding lack of tips (not the act of walking away from the unloading task) was protected concerted activity and thus his termination violated the Act.

The board rejected the employee’s argument, concluding that Greenidge’s conduct was neither concerted nor engaged in for mutual aid or protection. In reaching this conclusion, the board reaffirmed the standard for protected concerted activities derived from its earlier decisions in Meyers Industries, 268 NLRB 493 (1984) and Meyers Industries, 281 NLRB 882 (1986).Continue Reading NLRB clarifies standard for protected concerted activity

On Tuesday, January 15, 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court found that truck drivers classified as independent contractors cannot be compelled to arbitrate their claims under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). See New Prime, Inc. v. Oliveira, No. 17-340, 2019 WL 189342 (U.S. Jan. 15, 2019).

This decision has significant ramifications for transportation industry companies that previously utilized arbitration agreements with their independent contractor drivers. Given the court’s ruling, those independent contractor drivers can no longer be compelled to arbitrate their claims under the FAA.

The plaintiff, Dominic Oliveira, worked as an independent contractor driver for a trucking company, New Prime Inc. As part of his contract with New Prime, Olivera agreed to arbitrate all disputes. In contradiction to this agreement, Oliveira brought a claim in court against New Prime on behalf of himself and thousands of other independent contractor drivers. Oliveira alleged that he and the other drivers were misclassified as independent contractors, and that they were actually employees of the company.Continue Reading High court finds independent contractor truck drivers excluded from FAA

On December 28, 2018, a divided D.C. Circuit panel affirmed, in part, the National Labor Relations Board’s (NLRB’s or Board’s) Browning-Ferris joint-employer analysis. See Browning-Ferris Indus. of Cal., Inc. v. NLRB, No. 16-1028 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 28, 2018). The D.C. Circuit’s decision marks the latest chapter in the NLRB’s ever-shifting joint-employer standard.

At issue on appeal was the Board’s divided Browning-Ferris decision in 2015 overruling longstanding precedent and relaxing the evidentiary requirement for finding a joint-employer relationship. In December 2017, after the Board’s composition changed with two Trump administration appointments, the new Board majority overruled Browning-Ferris in Hy-Brand Industrial Contractors, Ltd. et al., 362 NLRB 186 (2017). Then, in February 2018, the Board vacated its decision in Hy-Brand, reinstating the earlier Browning-Ferris holding, deciding that one of the new Board members should not have participated in the Hy-Brand decision. With the NLRB’s earlier Browning-Ferris decision reinstated, the D.C. Circuit restored to its docket the Browning-Ferris appeal. Later, in September 2018, the NLRB announced a much-anticipated proposed regulation to establish a rule-driven standard for determining joint-employer status under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). With the public comment period on the proposed regulation open through January 14, 2019, the D.C. Circuit issued its decision.

In a 51-page opinion, the D.C. Circuit agreed with the Board’s determination that an employer’s mere right to control and indirect control over terms and conditions of employment are both relevant factors in the joint-employer analysis. The Court, however, faulted the Board for failing to confine its analysis to “indirect control” over essential terms and conditions of employment, rather than extending the analysis to indirect control over “routine parameters of company-to-company contracting,” which it held was inconsistent with common law precedent. Based on that distinction, the court remanded the matter to the NLRB for further consideration on that issue.Continue Reading Divided D.C. Circuit panel largely upholds the NLRB’s Browning-Ferris decision and challenges the Board’s authority to conduct rulemaking

The Acting Administrator for the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division (“WHD”) issued two new opinion letters on Friday, December 21, 2018.

The first opines on whether a home health aide service’s compensation plan, which pays an average hourly rate that may vary from workweek to workweek, complies with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)., The employer stated that its home health aides travel between client locations during the workday and that the employer calculates weekly pay as follows: it multiplies an employee’s time with clients by the employee’s hourly pay rate, then divides the product by the employee’s total hours worked – including both client time and travel time. Using this calculation, the employer stated that a typical standard rate of pay is $10.00 per hour and that it paid overtime based on that same regular rate of $10.00. The WHD opined that, while the employer’s compensation plan complies with the FLSA’s minimum wage requirements, it might not comply with the FLSA’s overtime requirements if the actual regular rate of pay exceeds $10.00 an hour. The WHD emphasized that the regular rate of pay may not be arbitrarily chosen by an employer or employee, but rather is an “actual fact” based on “mathematical computation.” The WHD further explained, however, that the compensation plan would comply with the FLSA’s overtime requirements for employees with an actual regular rate less than $10.00 per hour as an employer may choose to pay an overtime premium in excess of what is required by law.Continue Reading U.S. Department of Labor issues new opinion letters on overtime compliance with varying average hourly rates and on volunteerism

Yesterday, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or Board) announced a much-anticipated proposed regulation to establish a rule-driven standard for determining joint-employer status under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).

The Board’s proposed rule represents a return to a more common-law-centered understanding of joint-employer relationships, establishing joint employer status based on the exercise of substantial direct and immediate control. The Board’s announcement explained that its proposed rule, which is subject to revision after public comment, best serves the NLRA’s purposes by imposing bargaining obligations only on those employers that actually play an active role in establishing essential terms and conditions of employment. In other words, a related business partner not actively participating in employment decisions (such as setting employee wages, benefits, and other essential terms and conditions of employment) ought not be drawn into the collective bargaining process. The Board stated:

An employer . . . may be considered a joint employer of a separate employer’s employees only if the two employers share or codetermine the employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment, such as hiring, firing, discipline, supervision, and direction. A putative joint employer must possess and actually exercise substantial direct and immediate control over the employees’ essential terms and conditions of employment in a manner that is not limited and routine.Continue Reading National Labor Relations Board proposes regulation to establish new joint employer rule

The United States Supreme Court’s decision in Janus v. American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) makes clear that agency fee agreements in the public sector are unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Although Janus dealt with government employees, the potential impact on private sector employers also demands careful consideration.

The Decision

In Janus

Recently, a Texas federal judge struck down an Obama administration Department of Labor rule that doubled the salary employees must make to be considered exempt from overtime pay.  The rule’s invalidation should provide immediate relief to employers concerned about additional overtime pay, or increased salaries that the Obama administration’s overtime rule would have required.

In 2016, after years of consideration, the Obama administration issued the long-anticipated DOL rule that increased the minimum salary for exempt workers (workers exempt from receiving overtime pay) from $23,600 to just more than $47,000, and the minimum salary for workers who qualify for the “highly compensated” exemption from $100,000 to about $134,000.  Late last year, U.S. District Judge Amos Mazzant issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the rule from coming into effect.  Judge Mazzant granted summary judgment in favor of certain business groups that had challenged the Obama administration’s rule.  Judge Mazzant reasoned that the significant salary increase would render the analysis of employees’ duties, functions, and tasks meaningless, and exclude from the exemption many employees who perform primarily exempt duties.
Continue Reading DOL’s Overtime Rule Invalidated